Testimony, reason And rationality

ABSTRACT

Testimony is defined as a statement or declaration given under oath in a court of law or the sharing information about a religious experience. When evidence is reliably accepted by a person, beliefs are gained through it.  In modern society, many of a person's beliefs are directly derived from evidence or other beliefs derived in this way.  It is used as a philosophical fact about giving evidence. The primary focus of the philosophy of witnessing is scientifically. The broad interest in the topic reflects the centrality of reasoning in human affairs.  It also implies that in order to gain a broad understanding of logic, one must focus on the various projects and tasks related to it.

Keywords: Testimony, Evidence, empirical

1. Introduction

Testimony is believing someone when they make acclaim, and believing them because we think they know what they are talking about and are telling the truth. Testimony is important for most of what we actually know is accepted on the testimony of others. We don’t often get the chance to test the truth of what is told to us and yet we base outer life on these things. As well as even scientists accept what others say is so to build new knowledge. Acknowledging the complete reliance on past credible evidence in our credible system seems to place a pressure on a correlation based on the justification of our empirical beliefs.  A description of how beliefs derived from evidence can be justified and awareness cannot be temporarily described.  To be convincing, it must be a general concept of justified beliefs and the application of conditions to knowledge.   

Because some criteria that can be considered good logic are often silent, those who follow the evaluation project aim to determine to what extent human reasoning conforms to the hypothetical standard.  Ordinary people do not have the underlying logical ability to handle a wide range of logical tasks, so they have to exploit a simple heuristic collection that can be subject to serious anti-normative patterns that are either logical or biased.

2. CONTEXT

It is important to understand the process of understanding what is being said and to have faith in the speaker. This includes a concept of the nature of various speech verbs, including expressions.

This general concept of the link of evidence shows us that the narrator is sincere (believes what is said) and if your belief is true then what someone says (what someone says) is true.  Adult listeners find new opportunities to witness with all of this in their cognitive background; This, in turn, is a further empirical knowledge of human nature, which, in particular, is prone to lying and honest error.  There are two mechanisms by which blind faith can change a listener's response and focus broadly.  In fact, cognitive data will interact with background beliefs in this monitoring process.  If a trust is built without an assessment, the speaker assumes without evidence that it is trustworthy.

 Knowledge and justification can come in one direction: a reasonable belief in what someone is saying may fail to be knowledgeable, because even if the belief is false, or true, it is based on falsehood, but it is a just belief.  Possession of sufficient territory, logo, subject for her faith, we regard it as an essential condition to have knowledge-evidence beliefs and elsewhere.  This shows that there is a difference in the issues of knowledge and the reasons for sufficient confidence.

 To know what someone has been told, one must be able to gain an understanding of the generation of one's faith.  This means that one has the ability to defend one's statement by quoting what has been said.

.  

3. PRAGMATIC OBJECTIONS

According to Gigenser, we cannot draw conclusions from experiments on human reasoning. People seem to argue in a logical way. No standard principle is violated as the subjects understand the work. For the performance of logical tasks to improve, it must be certain that the activism of the people is problematic.  In which case, for the statement that continuous performance improves performance Warranted, it must also be an opportunity for us to be justified in maintaining it.

4. CONCLUSION

In philosophy, testimony is a proposition conveyed by one entity to another entity, whether through speech or writing or through facial expression, that is based on the entity's knowledge base. The proposition believed on the basis of a testimony is justified if conditions are met which assess, among other things, the speaker's reliability and the hearer's possession of positive reasons.

Reason has thus become a perilous faculty without firm ground, without a net, without ultimate security. For this, you could also say Reason declines every (all too comfortable) exposition of itself as being rationality. Its enduring claim is to bring about clarifications through the transitional activity of a reason apprehended as reason.

REFERENCES

 

[1]    https:www.slideserve.com/penney/belief-in-god-s-testimony

[2]    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony.

[3]  https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/55/Welsch_Rationality_and_Reason_Today.htm?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Learning about the Memory

ABSTRACT

The purpose of writing this book is to help students reach their full potential by providing a simple way to understand the learning process. In order to successfully compete on the world stage, learn highly effective and learn that retains knowledge and skills, not just a test, but a lifetime. Being a taker is essential. This helps to change the way you prepare for learning, to make learning easier and more effective, and to recall new information more successfully when needed. This book explains research on how the human brain learns in an easy way to understand and function.

1. Introduction

The brain begins to mature even before birth. Although it continues to mature throughout most of life, the brain does not mature at the same rate in each individual. This summarizes some of the easily adapted changes that significantly enhance our college experience by helping us learn how to adapt to the brain. The human brain needs inertia between different learning experiences to process and initiate memories of new experiential matter.  The brain must work to learn new things and give us time to do that work. Being an efficient and effective learner will be the most important criterion of what can and will be achieved in a lifetime.

 

2. A new Definition of learning

There are approximately 86 billion brain cells, and when learning something new, some cells in the brain interact with other brain cells and form new cell networks, representing the new learning that has taken place.  When activated frequently, these new networks have the potential to become long-term memories.  In fact, the connections between brain cells are strengthened and information is easily recalled every time new information or skills are used or trained.  Making connections is like opening a door.  But every time the path is used it becomes more established and easier to follow.  At the neuron level, the establishment and maintenance of the pathway is called long-term potential.  As a result of long-term potential, you become accustomed to adding something new, two or five at a time.  Long-term potential is a neurological description of how habits and long-term memories occur.  Any practical knowledge or skill will become a more permanent part of your memory and will be easily available when needed, even if it is not needed for weeks or months at a time.  The important message for all learners is that new learning requires considerable training and a meaningful connection with other information in order to become a more permanent part of memory.

  

2.1 Preparing to Learn: Nutrition, Hydration, Sleep, and Exercise

Water is essential for optimal brain health and function.  The brain needs water to produce hormones and neurotransmitters.  They are the main players in the communication system of the brain at the heart of learning

 Dehydration causes fatigue, dizziness, poor concentration and reduced cognitive ability.  Brain research on the important role of exercise and sleep in the brain's ability to learn and remember has provided tremendous evidence.  Exercise may be the most important activity you can participate in to improve learning.  Preparing the brain to learn is a new idea for many students but it is very important for your ability to learn.

 

2.2 Cramming: “Learning” Without Remembering

Even if all the information is memorized and passed through tests, the information is quickly forgotten.  But the learned information should be used later.  For this, after distributed practice helps in long term memory.

2.3 Transference of Learning

Psychologist call this transference.  The more you hear the exchange distance, the more you need to understand what is being done.  Real learning happens when you start to increase the shift distance. The transference of knowledge and skills will help you enter the final competition and do your future job well.  Learning to switch to new learning is not easy.  It usually requires a little extra training.  Long-term potential makes switching easier.

4. CONCLUSION

To compete successfully on the world stage, it is essential to be a highly efficient and learnable learner who retains knowledge and skills not only for a test but for a lifetime.  This helps to change the way you prepare for learning, to make learning easier and more effective, and to recall new information more successfully when needed.  This book explains research on how the human brain learns in an easy way to understand and function.

REFERENCES

[1]    https://www.apa.org/education/k12/brain-function

[2]    The Learning Brain | The Balanced Brain | Neurofeedback Therapy.

 

modes of arguments

ABSTRACT

This article is an introduction of the usage of arguments and the language in which those arguments are made. An argument is a proposition and a reason for it. And argumentation is AN interchange involving 2 or additional parties leading to the assertion of 1 or additional arguments including anticipated or actual crucial responses. It explores two main objectives.  Justify and explain. Arguments are made up of language. Different nations of the world speak different types of languages. We must also know his language in order to understand their arguments. So we cannot understand arguments without first understanding language. Language should be understood, emphasizing their main ideas. 

Keywords: argument, argumentation, Justify, explanation

 

1. Introduction

An argument is a proposition and a reason for it. It explores two main objectives.  Justification and explanation. Argument tells him what causes the other to believe what one believes.  All reasons include weighing and evaluating.  Arguments do not serve only one person. Arguments are created from language; therefore, we have a tendency to cannot perceive arguments while not 1st understanding language. disputation is one in all the various things that we will do with words. to know however arguments work, then, it's crucial to know however language works. Still, sure facts concerning language are on the far side dispute, and recognizing them can give a background for understanding however arguments work.

2. ARGUMENT

2.1 Justification and explanation

The purpose of justification is not to convince anyone else, but still uses logic to find a good reason to believe the conclusion. In such cases, we can say that the argument is used for unbiased standard justification. The justification is that the goal is usually to find a good cause.  It is impartial, what is sought is a good cause or a cause to be accepted, and the cap on embracing this argument regardless of who they are.  The purpose is Show that whoever has reason to believe the conclusion has reason to believe it.  Other arguments, in contrast, are aimed at appealing to specific people, and the goal is to show that those people are committed. There is reason to believe the conclusion or conclusion. 

Any event can be explained by quoting from established principles and accepted facts. This argument has the following form:

1.       General principles or rules

2.       A statement of initial conditions

3.       Therefore, a statement of the phenomenon to be explained.

Sooner or later the explanation comes to an end.  It is the task of science to move that limit further and to all logical inquiries.  But while there is much more to explain, it does not show that a partial explanation is completely useless.  As we have seen, explanations can be useful even when they are incomplete and are not used to justify a controversial statement.  Thus the explanation is a separate argument.

2.2 The language of argument

Arguments do not serve only one person. Arguments are made up of language, so we cannot understand arguments without our first understanding language. Arguing is one of the many things that we can do with our words. Language should be understood, emphasizing their main ideas. While it is important to understand that language is traditional, it is also important not to misunderstand this fact. Given that language is traditional, it is easy to conclude that language is completely arbitrary.  If the language is completely arbitrary, it seems that it does not really matter what words we use or how we put them together.  This view, no matter how courageous it may seem, needs a little thought to see if it misrepresents the role of language conventions.

There are different ways of connecting sentences to formulate arguments.  Here many applications are used to introduce an argument structure to language by marking reasons or conclusions.  These are called logic.  I would like to mention them in Table 1. These words are not always used as arguments.  Because some of these verses have different meanings, argument markers cannot be identified just by looking at the words.  In the analysis of arguments, a great deal of attention is paid to these argument markers. When we read or listen, whether it be philosophical writings, news, stories, lectures and conversation. It is important to compare difference between arguments and other language that is not inferential.

Table 1 Terms which are used to introduce an argumentative structure into language by making either reasons or conclusion.

Reason Markers	Conclusion Markers
Since	Therefore
Because	Hence
For	Thus
As	Then
Whereas	Consequently

 

4. CONCLUSION

Argument have many uses and it is really appropriate to define ‘argument’ without mentioning any particular usage. Finally, I can say, arguments can be easily identified using argument markers.

REFERENCES

[1]    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315863714_Argument_and_Its_Uses_OSSA_2005_Keynote_Address

[2]    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-pima-philosophy/chapter/1-1-arguments-the-basics

 

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

 

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Dear reader, this article is a brief introduction to the philosophy of science and its uses. philosophy is mainly believing and reasoning system developed by humans thousands of years ago. Wisdom makes a man more civilized than other animals in the world. Also, Wisdom makes a man more survive than other animals on the planets. We have our way to self-defending on the planet earth. These all come from knowledge. So humans’ must love and respect their knowledge.

Introduction

Philosophy is the way that used for the understanding of all of the phenomena that can understand by the human sense. also science means understanding about natural phenomenon. Word of Philosophy contains two Greek words Philo, is love and Sophia is wisdom, so Philosophia (Philosophy) is the love of Wisdom .this article explains what is philosophy, the main routines use in philosophy, what is it helps, and the structure of philosophy.

What is philosophy?

Philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

when we have the knowledge we can face whatever any problems that related to our knowledge and us believes. And also we can get a proper approach to problems from history how our ancestors solve this problem when they are getting similar situations in past.

Philosophy defines older beliefs of humans that describe universal of socialism and whatever the problems.

Mainly philosophical study about nature considered all living creature and natural phenomenon that is naturally. (without any contribution of man)

Philosophe is others ideas too. different peoples must have different beliefs and cultural systems. So when someone says "my philosophy," they typically mean "an informal person with latitude to whatever the issue is being addressed." As a result, philosophy is a rational and critical endeavor that attempts to conceive and answer basic problems via the use of reason.

The decisions we make are a reflection of our values and beliefs, and they are always directed towards a specific purpose.

Philosophy is the fundamental question of theoretical world interpretation and practical formation of life. So It is the most practical subject in our life

One of philosophy's functions is a certainty. In reality, practically all philosophers have employed analytical approaches to try to clarify the meanings of words and how they are employed. Some philosophers see this is philosophy's primary duty, while others argue that it is the only acceptable role of philosophy.

Philosophy pursues its investigation into the most fundamental issues of human existence. Some of the philosophical problems that have been posted in the past have been satisfactorily answered. According to the vast majority of philosophers.

     Branches of Philosophy

 There are four main branches of philosophy 

    1.  metaphysics.

    2. epistemology.

    3. axiology.

    4.  logic.

      

          Metaphysics

Metaphysics is that the branch of philosophy that examines the basic nature of reality, together with the link between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and existence. philosophy seeks to answer, in AN abstract and totally general manner,

the questions: what's there?

         Epistemology

Epistemology is that the theory of data. it's involved with the mind's respect to reality.

         Axiology

Axiology is that the branch of sensible philosophy that studies the character useful. Axiologists study price normally instead of ethical values specifically and regularly emphasize the plurality and heterogeneousness of values whereas at constant time adopting totally different sorts of realism regarding values.

        logic

Philosophy of logic, the study, from a philosophical perspective, of the character and kinds of logic, together with issues within the field and also the relation of logic to arithmetic and alternative disciplines. The term logic comes from the Greek word logos.

   CONCLUSION 

Finally, we can say the philosophy of science,  is the studying about phenomenons of nature and universe.

REFERENCES

[1].

Greece & Rome , Volume 68 , Special Issue 1: The Emotions of Medea , April 2021 , pp. 158 - 165

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017383520000339[Opens in a new window]

[2]

 Philosophy of Science A contemporary intoduction (2005).  authors. Alex Rosenberg,  19(2), 1-6 ISBN-0-203-08706

 

        Keywords: philosophy, universe, phenomenon, reflections, physics